Cognitive functions in nonhypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a chronic inflammatory response in airways and lung parenchyma that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cigarette smoking considered as an important risk factor plays a role in pathogenesis of disease. Pneumocystis jirovecii is an atypical opportunistic fungus that causes pneumonia in immunosuppressed host, al...

pneumocystis jirovecii colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is associated with a chronic inflammatory response in airways and lung parenchyma that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. cigarette smoking considered as an important risk factor plays a role in pathogenesis of disease. pneumocystis jirovecii is an atypical opportunistic fungus that causes pneumonia in immunosuppressed host, al...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)].

s were reviewed by a single reviewer and, for those studies meeting the eligibility criteria, fulltext articles were obtained. Articles with an unknown eligibility were reviewed with a second clinical epidemiologist and then a group of epidemiologists until consensus was established. Data extraction was carried out by the author. Inclusion Criteria  studies comparing clinical efficacy of the i...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by progressive decline in lung function accompanied by airway narrowing due to inflammation, fibrosis and mucus plugging, associated by parenchymal destruction with loss of elasticity, gas exchange surface area, and airway support with subsequent early airway closure [1]. COPD affects more than 400 million peo...